ࡱ> ' tbjbj 7!h!h?%BBBBBVVV8:DVtG~("):cw oFqFqFqFqFqFqF$"IKFBk.")k.k.FBB?.G333k.ZBBoF3k.oF33@h[Ap5wb/*@[FDG0tG@~M0Z~M [A~MB[A" 3%)FFI2rtGk.k.k.k.~MX : HIS 218/ECO 218W/PSC 290/AAS 218, The Historical Origins of Unequal Development Among Ethnic Nationalities and State Policy: A Comparative Study of Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria Spring 2022 Instructor: Joseph E. Inikori (Professor) Zoom, Monday & Wednesday 10.25-11.40 am Office Hours: Wednesday, 3.00-5.00 pm, Zoom I. Course Scope and Focus The 2010 Brazilian national census shows 97.2 million Afro-Brazilians and 90.6 million Whites, being 51 percent and 48 percent of the national total, respectively. These two ethnic nationalities have developed unequally since the establishment of colonial Brazil by Portugal in the sixteenth century. The contemporary dimensions (magnitude) of the inequality can be seen in the 2010 census: the average income of Afro-Brazilians was less than half that of White Brazilians; in Rio de Janeiro (like several other cities), Afro-Brazilians constituted the vast majority of the people in the shanty towns (favelas or slums) and only 7 percent of the people in the richer districts. Similar unequal development between African Americans and White Americans can be observed in the United States. The 2010 national census shows 42 million African Americans, being 14 percent of the national total (the three main ethnic nationalities are whites, Latinos, and African Americans). Recently published data show the current dimensions of the inequality between Whites and African-Americans: 20 percent of Black Americans ages 25 and above have a college degree or better, compared with the national average of 30 percent; Black Americans constitute 7 percent of Americans with a doctoral degree and Whites, 74 percent; in 2009, the wealth gap between White and Black American families was $236,500; the recent US census shows 28 percent of African Americans live at or below the national poverty line, compared with 10 percent of White Americans. The most populous African nation, Nigeria, shows similar inequality among its major ethnic nationalities. On the eve of political independence in 1959, Yoruba students in the only university in the country at the time, University College, Ibadan (a College of London University), were 43 percent of the total, Igbo students, 35 percent, Fulani students, 0.6 percent, and Hausa students, 0.3 percent. In 1995/96, almost four decades after independence, the Northeast (Kanuri and Hausa-Fulani) had 6 percent of the national university enrollment, the Northwest (Hausa-Fulani) 2.84 percent, the Southeast (Igbo) 23.34 percent, the Southwest (Yoruba) 27 percent, the South-South (Southern ethnic minorities and some Igbo) 30.71 percent. To put these figures in perspective, the population of the Northeast and Northwest together is much larger than the combined population of the Southeast and Southwest. In 1996, 34.4 percent of the people in the Northeast and 37.3 percent in the Northwest were extremely poor; the comparative figures for the Southeast and Southwest are 18.2 percent and 27.5 percent, respectively. This magnitude of inequality among ethnic nationalities has given rise to serious problems in inter-group relations in the three countries over the years. The Boko Haram menace in Northeastern Nigeria is probably the most serious currently. This course aims to trace, comparatively, the historical origins of the phenomenon, examine the political and economic consequences, and discuss the politics and economics of state policy designed to address it. In some important sense, the problem of inequality in these three countries mirrors a somewhat similar problem in the current global system that has been a major threat to world peace. The problem became so pressing in the last decades of the twentieth century that an independent commission, the Willy Brandt Commission, was set up in 1977 to study it and propose solutions. As the chairman of the commission, Willy Brandt of Germany, observed in its report, When we first met near Bonn in December 1977, we regarded it as our task (as we said in our terms of reference) 'to study the grave global issues arising from the economic and social disparities of the world community'.When we came to discuss our conclusions, there was an even stronger feeling that reshaping worldwide North-South relations had become a crucial commitment to the future of mankind. Equal in importance to counteracting the dangers of the arms race, we believed this to be the greatest challenge to mankind for the remainder of this century [North-South, 1980:8]. It is generally believed the September 11, 2001, attack on the United States was the unfortunate fulfillment of this prophetic declaration. It may be said the problem on which this course is focused is a microcosm of the larger global problem. We intend to have this as a backdrop to our discussion of the central issues in the course. II. Course Requirements Apart from the introductory discussion in the first meeting of the class, the course is divided into three sub-themes: the dimensions of inequality in contemporary times; the historical origins; and the politics and economics of state policy. Each country will be discussed in a number of classes under the sub-themes, including comparisons. Each student will have the opportunity to lead discussions in each of the sub-themes, a responsibility that will be shared out well in advance. At the end of each sub-theme, questions will be drawn up by the professor and students will write a one-page essay on their chosen question. Thus, there will be three one-page essays altogether, each carrying 10 percent of the total marks in the course. There will be a Take-Home Mid-Term in March; the questions will be distributed on March 23 and the answers will be e-mailed to me on March 30, 2022. It carries 20 percent of the marks in the course. A major element of the course is a term paper of 12-15 pages, which carries 40 percent of the total marks in the course. The paper will be written on a question chosen from a list of questions drawn up by the professor. It is expected to be thoroughly researched, formally written in a flowing prose, and logically argued, with references to sources of information and ideas. The paper will be e-mailed to me on April 27, 2022. Students must attend all classes punctually. Students attendance will be recorded; it carries 10 percent of the marks in the course. Students are encouraged to take advantage of the weekly office hours to discuss with the professor all issues concerning the course, especially in preparing their term papers. The office hours slots will be made available in class for students to select their convenient slots each week. There is no final examination in the course. The term paper takes the place of the final examination. III. Required Textbooks (A) Textbooks to be purchased by Students Anthony W. Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States and Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Tom Forrest, Politics and Economic Development in Nigeria (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995) Monique W. Morris, Black Stats: African Americans by the Numbers in the Twenty-First Century (New York: The New Press, 2014) Edward Royce, Poverty and Power: The Problem of Structural Inequality (2nd ed., New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) William A. Darity Jr. and Kirsten Mullen, From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020). John U. Ogbu, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement (Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003). (B) Required Textbooks to be placed on print reserve Larry Rohter, Brazil on the Rise: The Story of A Country Transformed (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) Gunja SenGupta, From Slavery to Poverty: The Racial Origins of Welfare in New York, 1840-1918 (New York: New York University Press, 2009) Michael Reid, Brazil: The Troubled Rise of a Global Power (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014) Lael Brainard and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz (eds.), Brazil as an Economic Superpower? Understanding Brazils Changing Role in the Global Economy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009). Jim Wallis, Americas Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, and the Bridge to a New America (Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2016) Dennis Childs, Slaves of the State: Black incarceration from the Chain Gang to the Penitentiary (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015) Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson, American Growth and Inequality since 1700 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016). Electronic Reserve for Required Readings Justin R. Bucciferro, Racial Inequality in Brazil from Independence to Present, Paper Presented at the Latin America Inequality in the Long Run Conference, Buenos Aires, December 2014,  HYPERLINK "http://sites.middlebury.edu/ehrge/files/2015/04/Bucciferro.pdf accessed February 12" http://sites.middlebury.edu/ehrge/files/2015/04/Bucciferro.pdf accessed February 12, 2016. Anani Dzidzienyo and Lourdes Casal, The Position of Blacks in Brazilian and Cuban Society, Minority Rights Group Report, No 7, 1979. Thomas E. Skidmore, Towards a Comparative Analysis of Race Relations since Abolition in Brazil and the United States, in John J. Johnson, Peter J. Bakewell, and Meredith D. Dodge (eds.), Readings in Latin American History, Volume 2 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985), pages 328-350. Darrick Hamilton, Race, Wealth, and Intergenerational Poverty: There will never be a post-racial America if the wealth gap persists, August 14, 2009, pp. 2-7, [http://prospect.org/article/race-wealth-and-intergenerational-poverty]. William A. Darity, Jr., A Direct Route to Full Employment, The Review of Black Political Economy (2010) 37: 179-181. William A. Darity, From Here to Full Employment, The Review of Black Political Economy, DOI 10.1007/s12114-012-9154-2 [Published online, 22 November, 2012]. William Darity, Jr. and Darrick Hamilton, Bold Policies for Economic Justice, The Review of Black Political Economy [Published online: 07 January, 2012], DOI 10.1007/s12114-011-9129-8. Mark Karlin, Capitalism, Slavery, Racism and Imprisonment of People of Color Cannot be Separated, Truthout, Interview, Sunday, 7 February, 2016, reprinted in USA Africa Dialogue Series, ( HYPERLINK "https://outlook.office.com/owa/" https://outlook.office.com/owa/) 2/8/2016. Report of the Presidential Implementation Committee for the Recommendations of the National Seminar on the National Question (Lagos: Ministry for Special Duties, Office of the President, May 1987). Ukoha Ukiwo, Education, Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnic Relations in Nigeria, International Journal of Educational Development, 27 (2007), pp. 266-281. Joseph E. Inikori, Inequality among Ethno-Religious Groups and Long-Run Development: The Case of Nigeria, Paper Presented at the 8th New Frontiers in African Economic History Workshop, Lund University, Sweden, 6-7 December, 2013. L. Randall Wray, Modern Money Theory: A Primer on Macroeconomics for Sovereign Monetary Systems (2nd ed., Basingstoke, GB: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), Chapter 8, Policy for Full Employment and Price Stability, pages 221-247. IV. Course Outline January 12, 2022: Introductory class  the general problem of inequality in the current global system: inequality between countries and between major regions (in particular, the West and the Rest, and the North and the South); inequality within countries (class, race, regions); socio-political and economic consequences ! Difference between global inequality and inequality within countries ! Course requirements and mode of operation (see II, above) ! Course Outline ! Course Texts: preparation for classes; writing one-page essays; answering the mid-term questions; writing the long term paper ! Discussion leaders for The Dimensions of Inequality in Contemporary Times: January 24, 2022 (Brazil) January 31, 2022 (United States) February 7, 2022 (Nigeria) January 19 & 24, 2022: The Dimensions of Inequality between Afro-Brazilians and White Brazilians in Brazil in Contemporary Times. Readings ! i) Bucciferro,  Racial Inequality in Brazil from Independence to Present; ii) Dzidzienyo and Casal, The Position of Blacks in Brazilian and Cuban Society, Minority Rights Group Report, No 7, 1979; iii) Reid, Brazil: The Troubled Rise of a Global Power, pp. 164-191 (pp. 181-185, in particular); iv) Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, Chapter 3, pp. 59-79. January 26 & 31, 2021: The Dimensions of Inequality in the United States in Contemporary Times. Readings ! i) Morris, Black Stats: African Americans by the Numbers in the Twenty-First Century; ii) Hamilton,  Race, Wealth, and Intergenerational Poverty. February 2 & 7, 2021: The Dimensions of Inequality in Nigeria in Contemporary Times: Readings ! i) Ukiwo, Education, Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnic Relations in Nigeria, ii) Inikori, Inequality among Ethno-Religious Groups and Long-Run Development: The Case of Nigeria. February 9, 14, 21 & 23, 2022: The Historical Origins of Inequality in Brazil: Readings ! i) Bucciferro,  Racial Inequality in Brazil from Independence to Present; ii) Marx, Making Race and Nation, pp. 27-35, 48-56, 158-177, 250-278; iii) Skidmore,  Towards a Comparative Analysis of Race Relations since Abolition in Brazil and the United States. March 5-13, 2022: Spring Break. February 28, March 2, 14 & 16, 2022: The Historical Origins of Inequality in the United States: Readings !(i) Childs, Slaves of the State; ii) Lindert and Williamson, American Growth and Inequality, pp. 222-224, 286-303. iii) Marx, Making Race and Nation, pp. 35-46, 56-64, 120-156, 217-248, 264-278; (iv) Ogbu, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement. v) Karlin, Capitalism, Slavery, Racism and Imprisonment of People of Color Cannot be Separated. March 21, 23, 28 & 30, 2022: The Historical Origins of Inequality in Nigeria: Readings    C E I J K M N U _ e f g y / 0 ?  8 þhLdQhzh;]h+\hchhdsh^hbth+hRG h+\hRG hB6 h}6hRGhRG6h}h}h}5 h!5 h5 h'25 hd,M5 h45 hD&5 h(5 hRG54 J K f g TU$a$gdrih`hgd`K^gd{ $*$^a$gd%R $h*$`ha$gd%Rh`hgd,gd,$8^8`a$gdRG 8^8`gdRG8 9 C g } & '  uv #g 4@B  )*q ̴h"Sh>Ghg_hH=hY'h;eh4C}h=Lh%vhYghhh1h3'-h)Ch,pNhN"h {PhN-h3hLdQhQh;]h7M@? CD p L[]  A /:TU   )ȿȻhd7h_ h0+<h0+<hH|h h0+< h%R>*hjh%Rhihh2h;ehyahL0&h3h:Vh`KhU@hJ@h,hg_h"S>   2 ] GH_apyz{ .cdh 6 7 N Q V W X Y ] ^ _ !!! !!!""ÿûǻǷǯ˯˯h8Ghhihhhqhh@thbh-)h >h{(h{(5h{(hIh|h?hv^.hShd76 hS5 hd75 h0+<hB  o"p"q"""""J##-$$c%%%&&&'z'>(( $h^ha$gdMLh^hgdML & FgdrigdS$a$gdri""" "C"n"o"p"q"v""""""""""### ##J#W######$$$ $ $-$;$r$u$w$$$$$$$$%zzzh|h\6]h\h7M@h(h^h^H*h(h^6h^h^6h^h^hri6hrihri6hri hri5 h5h0]h0]56h0]hri56 h0]5 hoC5 hd75 hShd7hoChqhh0% % %"%[%b%c%q%%%%%%%%%%%%%& &&&&-&c&&&&&&' ''''$'E'H'O'y'z''(( ((=(>(E(H(J(ʰʬhh hh hk6hkh*jh}h}6h}h_ h7M@6h7M@hMLhML6hMLhML5 hML5 h0]5hMLh|h|h|6]h|ho6]h2%hohGuh\h|h\6]4J(((() )")E)H)V)W))))))*** * **E*H*[****+ ++%+'+(+)+E+H+i+}+~+++++wsoh`_h{|hqAhqA0J>*B*phhAhqA0JjhqAU hqAhqAhqAjhqAUhOMh~ h~h~ h@!^5 h 5 h0]5 hZK5 hrihc yhc yhc y6hc yhhZKhZK6hZKh}hZKh}6+(W)))* *+i++ ,.-..0//11k2V3r4t4h^hgd\ & FgdZn & Fgds^ & Fgd|O^gd{| & Fgd`_ $h`ha$gd0]h`hgd`K & Fgdri+++++, , , ,A,E,H,,,- -+---.-E-H--. ..E.H.V.{.....// /0/E/H///////0 0E0H0O0P0c000000ϽϵϽjhtUjhtUhleht6hthhhs^6hZnhs^5 hs^6 hs^5hs^h qhdvh^6h^h\h|Oh|O6 h|O6h&Sh|O6h|O80000111 1E1H11112 2 2E2H2P2j2k2223 3&3'3E3H3S3T3U3V3g3z33333344p4r4t4v4x44444н絭 hP5 h5hPh`_h:>hRUh-h-H*h-h:>h-6h:>hC6hB&hg h5hghthth6h hhh_hle6h qhlehtjhtUh!ht0J2t4v44449$:h::::;,<< =A=B=Z= & Fgd$T^TgdrcJ T|^T`|gdTf8^8gdx & Fgdx8^8gdV+ & FgdV+8^8gd( & Fgd $h^ha$gdPh^hgd\4444444456666&7(7*7,777778 8888T888V9z99999:: : :::$:8:@:B:D:f:}y}h-&h qh-ih$DhlBhhV+hchV+6hch96h9h{~h{~5h{~h3hdvVh=hd+hpShchpS6#jhch,^6UmHnHu hP5 h <5>*hPhP5>* h\5>*.f:h:z:|::::::::::::::::: ;f;;;;;;;;;< <+<,</<0<D<F<G<c<t<Ŀ|xxppk h 6h&Sh 6h hI_hI_hI_5hrcJhTf h~hTf hI_5hKXhKX5 hKX5 h$hV+hKX hxhxhx hx5 hS5>* h45>*hxhx5>* hlB5>*h qh-ihV+hShKhV+hV+5(t<{<<<<<<<<<= = = ===(=@=A=B=L=O=Q=U=V=W=Y=Z=^======>>ÿ߷߳|xxpld_ hS5hKXhS5hShShS5hKX hxhKX hx5 hKX5 hr k5>* hV5>*hKXhKX5>* h$D5>* h$h$hxhMLh$6hv;hv;hv;5hrcJhmzh$5h}h$6h$hI_hI_hI_5hmzh h|Oh 6#Z==>,?.?\??J@@@@ABDDRD $h^ha$gd|{h^hgdT^Tgdh+ T|^T`|gdh+8^8gdT^TgdC& T|^T`|gd8^8gd)C & Fgd)CT^Tgdmz T|^T`|gdmz8^8gdKX> >>>>>>>*?,?.?@?B?H?J?R?T?V?\?d??????????@@J@M@N@@@@@@@@@@̾ڟހ|wr h5 h5hb h5hC&hC& hhC& hNNa5hKXhNNa5hShNNa5hNNa hxhNNa h)C5 hr k5>* h:5>* hS5>* h)C5>* hmzh)Ch)Ch%"h%"h%"5h$h^hmz6hmz h%"5*@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@A A ABB B"BBBBBBB"C$C(C0C2CD DDDDNDPDRDTDjDܾӫ~yyy h|{5h|{h|{5>* h;hh+hh6h=\zhrih;6h;h%"h%"h%"5hh+ h~hh+ h%"5hKXh5hSh5h h)C5 h5 h*G?5>* hU5>* hR~5>*hh5>*,RDTDDEpE F[FFGG:GlGuuu`v"w T|^T`|gdh 8^8gdT^Tgd| T|^T`|gd|8^8gdF>h^hgdT^TgdV^gdC48^8gd & Fgd)Ch^hgdjDnD|DDDDDDDDDDE(E*E,E2E4EDEjEnEpExEEEEF F F FFFFF)F,FIFZF[F`FfF̼ճzzvqmh?l h?l5harhrihv6h%" h&5h&h%"5hc yhO6hOhOhO5hVhZKhv6hv hC45hKXh5hSh5h h5 h5 h f5>* hA5>* h|{5>* hU5>*hh5>*(fF}F~FFFFFFFFFFGGGGG"G#G$G%G&G'G(G,G.G/G1G4G5G6G7G9G:GlGtGuGttt tuuƼƐ~yqmh|h_h|6 h%"5hKXhF>5UhShF>5hF> hF>5 h^:5>* hF>5>* hQ5>* hAU5>* hrk5>*hF>hF>5>* h5 hvharhthSh%"h%"h%"5 h&5hC4 h?l6]h|h?l6]*! i) Report of the Presidential Implementation Committee for the Recommendations of the National Seminar on the National Question; ii) Forrest, Politics and Economic Development in Nigeria, pp. 17-43. April 4, 6 & 11, 2022: The Politics and Economics of State Policy Addressing Inequality in Brazil: Readings ! i) Brainard and Martinez-Diaz (eds.), Brazil as an Economic Superpower? Pp. 221-269; ii) Reid, Brazil: The Troubled Rise of a Global Power, pp. 164-191 (pp. 181-185, in particular); iii) Rohter, Brazil on the Rise, Chapter 3, pp. 59-79; iv) Bucciferro,  Racial Inequality in Brazil from Independence to Present. April 13, 18 & 20, 2022: The Politics and Economics of State Policy Addressing Inequality in the United States: Readings ! i) Royce, Poverty and Power: The Problem of Structural Inequality (This book is both theoretical and empirical. It deals with all groups and classes. It offers a solid conceptual foundation for dealing with the main issue of inequality between Black and White Americans. All students must read the entire book and pay particular attention to pp. 1-25, p. 73 [gender and Race/Ethnicity], pp. 128-129 [The politics of Race], and pp. 197-258.). ii). Lindert and Williamson, American Growth and Inequality, pp. 442-462. iii) Wray, Modern Money Theory: A Primer on Macroeconomics for Sovereign Monetary Systems, Chapter 8,  Policy for Full Employment and Price Stability, pages 221-247. iv) Darity,  A Direct Route to Full Employment, pp. 179-181. v) Darity,  From Here to Full Employment, vi) Darity and Hamilton,  Bold Policies for Economic Justice, vii) Darity Jr. and Mullen, From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century. vii) Wallis, America s Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, and the Bridge to a New America. April 25, 27, & May 2, 2022: The Politics and Economics of State Policy Addressing Inequality in Nigeria: Readings ! i) Report of the Presidential Implementation Committee for the Recommendations of the National Seminar on the National Question; ii) Inikori,  Inequality among Ethno-Religious Groups and Long-Run Development. 11. May 4, 2022: Concluding Discussion.     PAGE  PAGE 7 uuuu"uzuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuvv`vpvrvtvvv|vvw"w(w*w6wwwwwwwžӷ|xpxhx|hmzh5h}h6hhLhLhL5hh hh 6hh  hL5hKXh5hSh5h hF>5 h5 hL5>* h- 5>* h5>* hQ5>*hh5>* h|h|h^h|6h|h%"h%"h%"5hF>("wճxx&y}<>z0 T|^T`|gd^gdSBT^TgdGT^Tgd',T^Tgd Q T|^T`|gdi(:8^8gd}* hYU5>* h- 5>* h5>*h}* h5 hc4hht h~hhLhLhL5hMLh6h&pz{||8|||:}J}X}^}`}b}l}}}}}}~~~~DFHJLN "€Ҁvh|h(6]h( h(5 hG5hZnhG5hGh',h:>h6hht hOh5htht5hc yh Q6h Q h Q5hSBhgK,hgK,hx56hgK,hgK,56hgK,hi(:562vz|6:<>JLNRZ^fjprtxz&(*2*.08̄Ⱦzrrnib h5h`b h5hh_h6hKXh}5>** hjn5>* h- 5>* hYy5>*h}*hSBhSB5hGhG5hZKhG6hGht hOh5htht5h( h(6]%̄҄Ԅքބ"&(*,.02468:<>@BNPRTVXdfhjlnprt¾¾¾¾h_{I0JmHnHuhOh hOh0JjhOh0JUhtjhtUhh55 h>5h>h>\h>h55>*\h>h55\h5hh`b%0Ԅք(,.248:>@RTVlnprt &`#$gd^gd5h^hgd5T^Tgd5 01h:p/ =!"#$% DyK Uhttp://sites.middlebury.edu/ehrge/files/2015/04/Bucciferro.pdf accessed February 12yK http://sites.middlebury.edu/ehrge/files/2015/04/Bucciferro.pdf accessed February 12yX;H,]ą'c DyK  https://outlook.office.com/owa/yK Xhttps://outlook.office.com/owa/yX;H,]ą'cx2&6FVfv2(&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv8XV~ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@ 0@66666_HmH nH sH tH @`@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA`D Default Paragraph FontRiR  Table Normal4 l4a (k (No List 4@4 Header  !.)@.  Page Number6U`6 OM Hyperlink >*B*phH"H  {P Balloon TextCJOJQJ^JaJN/1N  {PBalloon Text CharCJOJQJ^JaJFV AF ucFollowedHyperlink >*B*phOrPK![Content_Types].xmlN0EH-J@%ǎǢ|ș$زULTB l,3;rØJB+$G]7O٭Vj\{cp/IDg6wZ0s=Dĵw %;r,qlEآyDQ"Q,=c8B,!gxMD&铁M./SAe^QשF½|SˌDإbj|E7C<bʼNpr8fnߧFrI.{1fVԅ$21(t}kJV1/ ÚQL×07#]fVIhcMZ6/Hߏ bW`Gv Ts'BCt!LQ#JxݴyJ] C:= ċ(tRQ;^e1/-/A_Y)^6(p[_&N}njzb\->;nVb*.7p]M|MMM# ud9c47=iV7̪~㦓ødfÕ 5j z'^9J{rJЃ3Ax| FU9…i3Q/B)LʾRPx)04N O'> agYeHj*kblC=hPW!alfpX OAXl:XVZbr Zy4Sw3?WӊhPxzSq]y ?# $$$$$'8 "%J(+04f:t<>@jDfFuwpzv̄t$&'(*+,./1235689CEFGH(t4Z=RD"w0t%)-047DI"(#}#(((?XX  '!!8,,@+(  \B + S D"?B S  ?d,?+$ $ t _Hlk60928118 _Hlk60926863k?!? , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,! ," ,# ,$ ,% ,& ,' ,( ,) ,* ,+ ,, ,- ,. ,/ ,0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,: ,; ,< ,= ,> ,? ,@ ,A ,B ,C ,D ,E ,F ,G ,H ,I ,J ,K ,L ,M ,N ,O ,P ,Q ,R ,S ,T ,U ,V ,W ,X ,Y ,Z ,[ ,\ ,] ,^ ,_ ,` ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z ,{ ,| ,} ,~ , , , , ,gqqv 33||  }}-ee$Q\\a  J $!1!1!?!!!!!!5"A"r"##f$u$u$%%***(+(+9++///000000111~1~111 2 2{2{2222333333656577&7&7V8V8_888888'9'9/9999 : :::==C>C>>>>>?      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~myy ::3mm*Z`kk   Q /!;!N!N!!!!"";"M""##l$$$%%***7+?+?++/// 00000011111112222222333333C5C5#7#7.7.7\8\8g888888-95959999::":":=>J>J>>>>>?  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~=c*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType=e*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName9n*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState8f*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplaceB*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region nnnfecfnfnfceecfffffffffffffffffffffko%+`!g!""######''))))//00:0?0D0112233v5}566v6|6'9-9^9h9;;???????????/5*NO!!'''''o(x(E+N+001112j5p5 6677889 9R9X9V>X>^>b>d>h>i>???????????444444455566666666666688888 88899999999U>V>X>^>b>d>h>i>???????????????Yed rנu~:N@̪tJ5PR{1h^`5o(. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.^`5o(. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.hhh^h`5o(.h 88^8`hH.h L^`LhH.h   ^ `hH.h   ^ `hH.h xLx^x`LhH.h HH^H`hH.h ^`hH.h L^`LhH.^`o(.0^`0o() pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.hTT^T`5o(.h $ $ ^$ `hH.h  L ^ `LhH.h ^`hH.h ^`hH.h dLd^d`LhH.h 44^4`hH.h ^`hH.h L^`LhH.Yed R{:N@tY         |0a        Y                  Y         :9{~S;e qvhV$<76Jc- _ b " > le>4P\N(x_)C`KI_*~*4P h 0]^!"N"#ek#C&-&L0&B&Y'{(-)V+d+",',gK,h,3'-N-v^.q0=1'23>F>*G?|h?J@7M@qABCoC)C$D>GRG&HzH_{IrcJZK=Ld,MOMXN,pN|O {P QQLdQ%RpSS"SB TAURUYU.V:VdvV !X+\;]k ^^^@!^,^_g_NNala`bbsbMetee fof2hOhihi-i*jr krkjlzljn q}?l| OSz^y9SBzA\yb{~x$lBQO>od7MLdsU\huc(0}M(YyCtR~U@ 0&; >&S@L23>V]us^x\%"TftP[k-YgtZ 2~AI??@????,-./012345/7?0@0406080:0x@0>0@0B0D0@0tUnknownG.[x Times New Roman5Symbol3. .[x Arial9. . Segoe UIC.,.{$ Calibri Light7..{$ CalibriA$BCambria Math"qh$G`+g|'W ?6 s ?6 s!20?? 3q@P ?RG2!xx]T HIS 218, The Historical Origins of Unequal Development Among Ethnic Nationalities and State Policy: A Comparative Study of Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria Joseph InikoriJoseph Inikori      Oh+'0,LXp|      $HIS 218, The Historical Origins of Unequal Development Among Ethnic Nationalities and State Policy: A Comparative Study of Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria Joseph InikoriNormalJoseph Inikori8Microsoft Office Word@\' @ƹ@C@Pۆb ?6 ՜.+,D՜.+, hp  ,91̳ History Departments ? HIS 218, The Historical Origins of Unequal Development Among Ethnic Nationalities and State Policy: A Comparative Study of Brazil, the United States, and Nigeria Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSAT ,# https://outlook.office.com/owa/k'Thttp://sites.middlebury.edu/ehrge/files/2015/04/Bucciferro.pdf accessed February 12  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJLMNOPQRTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy{|}~Root Entry FKbData K1TableSMWordDocument7SummaryInformation(zDocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjr  F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q